Choosing your stockbroker isn't too different from picking a stock. It starts with knowing your investing style—and of course, determining some investment goals (beyond making money, of course).
Today you have more broker options than earlier generations ever did. But of course, a variety of choices—though welcome—can make decisions more complicated, too. Let's look at the types of brokers out there, how they work, and how they charge, along with some all-around thoughts about questions to ask and research to do, no matter what type of financial advisor you're considering.
Retail brokers fall into two basic categories: full-service brokers and discount brokers.
Key Takeaways
- Your choice of broker should reflect your investment style—whether you lean toward active trading or a more passive, buy-and-hold approach.
- Always make sure your broker is fully licensed by state regulatory authorities and FINRA and registered (individually or via their firm) with the SEC.
- Key questions to ask a broker include "How do you charge for your services?" and "Do you hold yourself to a fiduciary standard or suitability standard?"
- Robo-advisors can be a cheaper alternative to human brokers but don't allow for advice or participation on your part.
- Research robo-advisors because some are tailored toward different audiences (for example, there are robo-advisors specifically geared toward women).
What Is a Broker?
There are two types of brokers: regular brokers who deal directly with their clients and broker-resellers who act as intermediaries between the client and a more prominent broker.
Regular brokers are generally held in higher regard than broker-resellers. That's not to say that all resellers are inherently bad, it's just that you need to check them out before you sign up. Regular brokers such as those who work forTD Ameritrade, Capital One, and Fidelity are members of recognized organizations such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC).
A broker is an intermediary between an investor and a securities exchange—the marketplace where financial assets are bought and sold. Because securities exchanges only accept orders from individuals or firms who are members of that exchange, you need a broker to trade for you—that is, to execute buy and sell orders. Brokers provide that service and are compensated either through commissions, fees, or payment by the exchange itself.
A broker may just be an order taker, executing the trades that you, the client, want to make. But nowadays, many brokers style themselves as "financial advisors" or "financial representatives" and do much more. As well as executing client orders, brokers may provide investors with research, investment planning and recommendations, and market intelligence.
Full-Service Brokers vs. Discount Brokers
There is a further distinction between full-service brokers and discount brokers. As the name suggests, full-service brokers routinely offer individual advice and recommendations, and these services don't come cheap. A full-service broker does much of the legwork for the investor.
Discount brokers generally leave you to make your own decisions, although many offer the option to solicit a broker for advice on a particular trade for a fee. Some recommend a full-service broker for new investors. But frankly, it's often not feasible for a young person to go with a more expensive full-service broker.
Today's online discount brokers typically provide a vast array of tools for investors of all experience levels. You'll learn a whole lot more about investing if you do the legwork yourself.
Costs andFees
If you're under 30, chances are you're limited by your budget. Trade execution fees are important, but there are other brokerage fees to consider. Knowing the fees and additional charges that might apply to you is essential to making the most of your investment dollar. Here are some costs to consider:
- Minimums: Most brokers require a minimum balance for setting up an account. Online brokers typically have the lowest minimums, ranging from $500 to $1,000.
- Margin accounts: A new investor might not want to open a margin account right away, but it's something to think about for the future. Margin accounts usually have higher minimum balance requirements than standard brokerage accounts. You also need to check the interest rate your broker charges when you trade on margin.
- Withdrawal fees: Some brokers charge a fee to make a withdrawal or won't permit a withdrawal if it drops your balance below the minimum. On the other hand, some allow you to write checks against your account, although they typically require a high minimum balance. Make sure that you understand the rules involved in removing money from an account.
Fee Structures, Pricing, and the Fine Print
A common fee structure for a broker is a per-trade commission. This can range from almost nothing to more than $100 per trade depending on how it is placed (i.e., online or with a human broker), the size of the order, and how liquid or accessible the security in question is.
Some brokers have complex fee structures that make it harder to figure out what you'll be paying. This is particularly common among broker-resellers who may use some aspect of a fee structure as a selling point to entice clients.
If a broker seems to have an unusual fee structure, it's all the more important to make sure that it's legitimate, suits your best interests, and complements your investing style.
Read the fine print in the account agreement and fee summaries if the rates seem too good to be true. Additional fees may be hidden there. These may include custodial fees as well as fees for wiring or withdrawing funds, closing accounts, transferring assets, margin fees, and so on.
Zero-commission trading
Today, many online brokers offer zero-commission trades in most listed stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). This has dramatically brought down the cost of investing and trading for most individuals. How do these brokerages earn money then? Primarily through a process called "payment for order flow." This involves routing customer trades directly to specialized trading firms known as market makers who literally pay the broker for the opportunity to be on the other side of your trade.
Though this has resulted in free stock trading, some investors and regulators have become concerned that this practice is unfair and can result in inferior prices for customers. Citing it as a conflict of interest, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) chairman Gary Gensler has recently remarked that the SEC would evaluate payment for order flow and could ultimately ban it in the future.
Investment Styles
Your choice of broker should be influenced by your investment style. Are you a trader or a buy-and-hold investor? Traders don't hold onto stocks for a long time. They're interested in quick gains greater than the market averagebased on short-term price volatility, and they may make many trade executions over a short period.
If you envision yourself as a trader, you'll want to look for a broker with very low execution fees, or trading fees could take a big bite out of your returns. Also, don't forget that active trading takes experience, and the combination of an inexperienced investor and frequent trading often results in negative returns.
A buy-and-hold investor, often called a passive investor, holds stocks for the long term. Buy-and-hold investors are content to let the value of their investments appreciate over longer periods of time. Many investors will find that their investing style falls somewhere between the active trader and the buy-and-hold investor, in which case other factors will become important in choosing the most appropriate broker.
Vet Your Broker
Of course, you want to get along with your broker. But there are also certain criteria every broker should meet. The broker, or the firm they're affiliated with, should be a registered investment advisor (RIA). This means they are on record with and under the regulation of the SEC. The individual broker should be registered with FINRA, the trade organization that oversees the financial industry on the government's behalf.
To buy and sell securities, a broker has to have passed specific qualifying examinations and received a license from your state securities regulator before they can do business with you.
At a minimum, the broker should have passed the Securities Industry Essentials (SIE)Exam (if they entered the profession after 2018) and the Series 7 General Securities Representative Qualification Exam, which allows them to sell most types of stocks, bonds, and ETFs.
Most brokers also take the Series 6Investment Company/Variable Contracts Products Limited Representative Exam, which allows them to sell packagedinvestment productssuch as mutual funds,variable annuities, andunit investment trusts(UITs).
exam
You can obtain background information on a broker—including registration, employment history, licensing, and disciplinary actions—by looking them up on FINRA BrokerCheck.
Questions to Ask Your Broker
Aside from specific discussions about your goals, appetite for risk, and individual investments, ask your broker these questions before you get started:
- How are you compensated? Fees, commissions, or a combination of the two?
- What other charges do you or your firm have—transaction fees, account maintenance fees, etc.?
- Are you or your firm associated with any of the companies whose investment products you might recommend?
- Will I have access to my account online?
- How often will I receive statements?
- How frequently will you review my portfolio and investment plan?
- Do you subscribe to the fiduciary standard or just the suitability standard?
Robo-advisors
As an alternative toa human broker or broker-reseller,it's worth investigating thepros and cons of using arobo-advisor. Robo-advisors are automated trading and investing platforms. They use computer algorithms to select and manage investment portfolios, with little to no human interaction beyond the original programming—though some services are supplemented with live support from real people.
Typically, an investor signs up with a robo-advisor online. They provide information about their investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance. Though some platforms only ask basic questions, others will pose a more detailed range of queries. Based upon that information, the robo-advisor fashions a portfolio and adjusts it periodically.
Pros and cons of robo-advisors
One big pro of robo-advisors is the cost. Algorithms don't eat very much. As a result, robo-advisors are a lot cheaper than human advisors: Robo-advisors may charge between 0.02% and 1% of investment funds annually compared to traditional wealth managers' fees, which could be 1% or 2% or higher. Robo-advisor platforms usually have lower account requirements than regular investment managers—a few hundred or few thousand as opposed to five or six figures. And enrolling in them is easy.
On the downside, there's not much choice or personalization. Robo-advisors primarily invest in ETFs—another reason their services come so cheap—and they tend to slot you into predetermined model portfolios based on your risk tolerance and basic needs (appreciation, income, etc.), passive index investing, and modern portfolio theory (MPT). And of course, you can't chat with an algorithm (although many robo-advisory firms now have human advisors also on staff for just this purpose).
Note that such a platform is not always a great option for more nuanced financial planning or providing counsel on exactly how to save to buy a house or for retirement. Most of them also won't let you purchase any investments on your own, like individual stocks or bonds, either. Despite the "advisor" in their name, robo-advisors function more like money managers who have discretionary power over your portfolio.
Can I Have More Than One Broker?
Yes, although it may not be ideal to have your assets invested in several places where they may overlap or even contradict each other. You may choose to have one broker for long-term investing while opening a trading account for more speculative or short-term plays.
Is It Hard to Change Brokers?
Today, changing brokerage firms is quite easy and can all be done online with a few clicks and digital signatures. Cash and entire portfolios can be electronically transferred from your old broker to your new one in a matter of days.
Is Payment for Order Flow Bad?
Payment for order flow (PFOF) seems to be a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it allows for commission-free trading, which has made trading and investing much more accessible and cost-effective for ordinary individuals. At the same time, it involves directing orders to specific financial firms as your counterparty. This can lead to conflicts of interest, inferior fills, and the potential for front-running orders—all to the customer's detriment.
The Bottom Line
There are several factors to consider when choosing your first broker.WithInvestopedia's online broker reviews,we'vecreated the most comprehensive tool set to help traders of all styles make informed, efficient, and intelligent decisions when looking for the right online broker.
Your first broker won't necessarily be your broker for life. Your life will change, and your needs as an investor may change along with it. However, if you choose the right broker to start with, you may have a much better chance of making money as an investor.
